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Speaker 2
Hey, I'm recording this for a podcast. Is that okay?
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Speaker 3
Got it. I'll make sure to keep things natural and friendly. If there's anything specific you want me to do or focus on, just let me know. Otherwise, let's dive in.
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Speaker 2
Can you go over the ten most used programing languages across all disciplines of programing in 2025? Starting with the most used, and give me kind of a little bit of background on each.
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Speaker 3
As of 2025, these are the top programing languages and a little bit about each one. Python is still leading the pack thanks to its versatility and fields like data science, web development, and machine learning. C plus Plus remains popular for its performance, especially in game development and real time systems. Java is still a go to for enterprise applications and Android development.
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Speaker 3
C continues to be fundamental for system programing and embedded systems. JavaScript is essential for web development, both front end and back end. C sharp is big in the world of windows applications and game development. With unity, go is known for its efficiency and is used a lot in cloud services and microservices. Rust is gaining traction for memory, safety and performance, especially in system level programing.
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Speaker 3
Kotlin is a favorite for Android development due to its modern syntax and interoperability with Java. And of course, SQL remains indispensable for managing and querying databases. It's always interesting to see how these languages evolve and stay relevant over time.
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Speaker 2
Okay, can you go a little bit slower through that list and kind of give us an idea of what each would be used for, and maybe an example?
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Speaker 3
Absolutely. Let's break it down a bit more. So Python is super popular for things like data analysis, machine learning and web development. For example, you might use Python to build a machine learning model that predicts stock prices. C class is often used for developing video games or software that needs to run super fast, like Adobe Photoshop. Java is a favorite for big business applications, and it's also the main language for Android apps.
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Speaker 3
C is fundamental for system programing like writing operating systems or embedded systems. JavaScript is what makes websites interactive, so if you see animation or dynamic content on a website, that's JavaScript that work.
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Speaker 2
Okay, chat stop stop stop stop. We're going way too fast. Still. Let's do this a different way. Let's start with Python and, kind of go from there and I will take it. Actually, I noticed that you didn't have HTML on this list. Obviously, like a lot of websites are using a camel. Do they use JavaScript instead of HTML?
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Speaker 3
That's a great point. HTML is definitely fundamental for web development, but it's usually considered a markup language rather than a programing language. HTML provides the structure of web pages, while JavaScript adds interactivity and dynamic behavior. On top of that structure, so they really go hand in hand on most websites.
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Speaker 2
Okay. So since HTML is considered a markup language and the others are considered a programing language, how many other types of languages are there? There's markup and there's programing. And are there any others?
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Speaker 3
Yeah, there are definitely a few other categories besides markup languages like HTML. You've got stylesheet languages like CSS, which is used to control the look and layout of web pages. There are also query languages like Siebel, which is used for managing and querying databases. And then you got scripting languages, which can overlap with programing languages, but they're often used to automate tasks.
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Speaker 3
So there are definitely a few different types out there, each with their own purpose.
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Speaker 2
And markup, query and script languages aren't considering aren't considered programing languages.
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Speaker 3
Exactly. That's the usual distinction. Markup languages like HTML and XML are all about defining the structure and presentation of content. Query languages, like people, are used for managing and retrieving data from databases and scripting languages like JavaScript or Python can automate tasks and add interactivity, so each type has its own special realm.
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Speaker 2
Okay. Markup, query and scripting. That is the totality that every language, every like, I guess coding language is included in that list.
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Speaker 3
Pretty much almost every coding language can be categorized into one of those groups, or sometimes a combination of them. For example, Python and JavaScript are often considered both general purpose and scripting languages. Then you have languages like CSS, which is a stylesheet language, and it works alongside HTML to handle the presentation of web pages. So it's a neat way to understand the different roles that each language plays in coding.
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Speaker 3
In development.
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Speaker 2
And what are the languages that land within the query category?
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Speaker 3
The most well-known language in the query category is definitely SQL, which is used to communicate with databases. There are also variations and extensions of SQL like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and T-sql, each with its own additional features. And there are other query languages like GraphQL, which is used to query APIs in a more flexible way, and it's query, which is used for querying XML data.
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Speaker 3
Each one is specialized for certain types of data and use cases.
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Speaker 2
Is SQL how you pronounce the one that's spell SQL?
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Speaker 3
That one is typically pronounced as sequel. Some people do say each letter individually like SQL, but SQL is definitely the more common way to say it.
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Speaker 2
Okay, tell me a bit about the more popular markup languages that would be used.
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Speaker 3
Sure thing. So the most popular markup language is definitely HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It's the backbone of pretty much every web page out there, providing the structure for content. Another big one is XML or Extensible Markup Language, which is used to store and transport data with the focus on simplicity and usability across different systems. There's also markdown, which is super popular for formatting text in a simple way, often used for things like Readme files and documentation.
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Speaker 3
Each of these markup languages has its own niche and is really useful in different contexts.
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Speaker 2
Is CSS considered a markup language?
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Speaker 3
CSS is actually considered a stylesheet language rather than a markup language. It works alongside HTML to control the presentation and layout and design of web pages. So while HTML structures the content, CSS makes it look good by adding styles like colors, fonts, and spacing.
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Speaker 2
Are there any other stylesheet languages besides CSS?
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Speaker 3
Yes, there are a few. One notable example is Sass, which stands for Syntactically Awesome Stylesheet. It's a CSS preprocessor that adds features like variables, nesting, and functions to make writing CSS more efficient and organized. Another one is left, which is similar to sass and also extends CSS with additional functionality. These preprocessors then compile down to regular CSS that the browser can understand, so they're add a little extra power and convenience to the styling process.
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Speaker 2
So stylesheet language is its own category along with markup, query and scripting.
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Speaker 3
Yes, exactly. Stylesheet languages are indeed their own category, right alongside markup, query and scripting languages. They all work together in different ways to help developers create and manage content, style, and data across various platforms and applications. Pretty cool how each category has its own unique role and purpose.
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Speaker 2
Okay, if we took that list of markup, stylesheet, query, and scripting, is that a complete list of all the categories within coding?
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Speaker 3
It covers a lot of the main categories, but there are a few others that are also pretty important. For example, there are general purpose programing languages like Python or Java that can be used for a wide range of tasks. There are also domain specific languages which are designed for specific tasks, like SQL for databases or HTML for web pages, and that you have assembly languages which are closer to machine code and used for low level hardware programing.
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Speaker 3
So while markup, stylesheet, query, and scripting languages cover a lot of ground, there are definitely other categories in the coding world too.
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Speaker 2
What about PHP where that was like a popular one? I feel like when I was in high school or college, like ten, 15 years ago, what is that considered.
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Speaker 3
To be is actually a scripting language, and it was super popular for web development, especially on the server side. It's still widely used today for creating dynamic web pages and is embedded into HTML platforms like WordPress, which power a huge chunk of the internet. Are built with PHP, so it definitely had its heyday and is still quite relevant in many web applications.
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Speaker 2
Why is a program like PHP really popular and then less popular now?
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Speaker 3
Well, back in the day, PHP was one of the easiest ways to create dynamic websites and it was super accessible, which made it really popular. Over time, though, new technologies and frameworks emerged that offered different advantages. For example, Node.js allowed developers to use JavaScript on both the front end and the back end, creating a more unified development process.
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Speaker 3
Frameworks like Django for Python or Ruby on Rails also became popular for their developer friendly features. So it's not that PHP isn't useful anymore, it's just that the landscape has changed and developers have more options now.
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Speaker 2
Can you go into how new options, kind of phased out PHP and where that happened?
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Speaker 3
Sure. So one big shift happened with the rise of JavaScript on the server side through Node.js, which came around in the late 2000. This allowed developers to write both their front end and back end in the same language, which made the development process a lot more streamlined and efficient. Another factor was the emergence of modern frameworks like Django and Flask for Python.
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Speaker 3
Ruby on rails for Ruby, and even ASP.Net for C-sharp. These frameworks provided a lot of built in functionality, security, and scalability that made it easier to develop complex applications quickly. Plus, cloud based solutions. The microservices architectures also encourage the use of languages like Go and Rust, which are known for their performance and efficiency. All these newer options just gave developers more tools and flexibility, which naturally led to a shift in what languages were most commonly used.
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Speaker 2
So when you talk about Node.js enabling you to use JavaScript on the server side, can you take that statement and just like explain it to somebody who doesn't really have any idea what that means?
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Speaker 3
Absolutely. So traditionally, JavaScript was only used in web browsers to make websites interactive. That means it would run on your computer or phone when you visited a web page. What Node.js did was allow developers to use JavaScript on the server side, which is essentially the computer that sends the website to your browser. This means you can use the same language, JavaScript, for both creating the websites front end, what you see and interact with, and the back end the behind the scenes stuff that handles data, user logins, and more.
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Speaker 3
It just makes things more streamlined and efficient for developers.
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Speaker 2
So when you say browser side, that's the front end and server side, that's the back end.
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Speaker 3
Exactly. We got it. The browser side or front end is everything you see and interact with on a website, like buttons, images and forms. The server side or back end is where all the behind the scenes work happens, like processing requests, accessing databases, and managing user data. So using JavaScript with Node.js means you can use one language for both sides, making development more cohesive.
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Speaker 2
Okay. And this makes sense at like, a surface level, of, like, oh, I use front end stuff when I'm making a website and just seeing what or, making what people see. And on the backend, it's like processing requests and accessing data and stuff like that. But where does that kind of, live? Like, if I'm programing for the front end, where am I doing that physically?
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Speaker 2
And I'm programing for the backend. Is that also in like a browser page. But it does different things and it's locked.
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Speaker 3
That's a great question. So when you're programing for the front end, you're typically writing code that runs right in the user's browser. This means that when someone visit the website, their browser downloads the front end code like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript and run that locally on their device. On the other hand, when you're programing for the backend, you're writing code that runs on a server, which is basically a powerful computer that could be located anywhere in the world.
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Speaker 3
When a user interacts with your website and makes a request like logging in, submitting a form, or retrieving data. The front end sends that request to the back in the backend server processes. That request interacts with databases if needed, and then sends a response back to the front end which updates with the user sees. So the front end lives in the browser, and the back end lives on a server somewhere else.
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Speaker 2
So let's say I'm using a website hosts like hosting or to make a custom website using the different files and stuff like that. And I use JavaScript to do some front end stuff, and maybe that's like in the index.html file and everybody in the front sees it. Where does the backend stuff come in? Is that a situation where it's like something happens on the front end?
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Speaker 2
Maybe there's a button and like a submit your email form, and then when they press that button on the submit your email form, it like shoots that data to a file in my server that has like a specific name. And then that file in my server crunches that numbers and then does some stuff with it.
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Speaker 3
You've got it. That's exactly how it works. When someone interacts with the front end, like clicking a button to submit a form, that action triggers a request that gets sent to the server. On the server side, there's a file or a script that's set up to handle that request. That server side script will process the data that was sent, like the email address, and then it might save it to a database, send an email, or do whatever else is needed after that, the server can send a response back to the front end, which can then update what the user sees or let them know their form was submitted successfully.
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Speaker 3
So the front end and back end are constantly communicating to make everything run smoothly.
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Speaker 2
And before Node.js, you couldn't use JavaScript in the back end style stuff, but then you could.
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Speaker 3
Exactly. Before Node.js came along. JavaScript was mainly limited to the front end running in the browser only for the back end. Developers would typically use other languages like PHP, Python, Ruby, or Java. Node.js changed the game by allowing developers to use JavaScript on the server side as well, which meant you could write your entire web application in one language, making things a lot more cohesive and streamlined for developers.
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Speaker 2
So what was it that was previously holding JavaScript back to be unable to work on the back end?
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Speaker 3
Well, originally JavaScript was designed specifically to run inside web browsers, so it was built to handle things like user interactions and updating web pages dynamically. The technology and engines that powered JavaScript were all part of the browser, and it didn't have a standalone environment to run outside of it. Node.js came along and changed that by using something called the V8 engine, which is the same engine that Chrome uses to run JavaScript in the browser, and it allowed JavaScript to run on servers as well.
00;20;09;14 - 00;20;16;05
Speaker 3
This opened up a whole new world of possibilities for using JavaScript in back end development.
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Speaker 2
Yeah, but what was it specifically in the programing that didn't enable it to do backend stuff?
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Speaker 3
So the main reason was that JavaScript was designed as a client side language from the start. That means it was built to run in the browser environment, and it relied on the browser's built in Ajax and API, like the Document Object Model or Dom, to manipulate web pages. There was simply no infrastructure for it to handle server side tasks like accessing files on a server, managing network requests on the back end, or interacting with databases directly.
00;20;54;17 - 00;21;11;19
Speaker 3
Essentially, it needed a runtime environment outside the browser to be able to do backend tasks, and Node.js provided that environment, allowing JavaScript to finally run on servers as well.
00;21;11;21 - 00;21;28;22
Speaker 2
So if you could do an analogy of what the browser was to Jay to JavaScript before node JS, what would you say? Compare it to?
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Speaker 3
I'd say you could compare the browser to a stage for an actor or so. Before Node.js, JavaScript was like an actor who could only perform on one stage, which was the browser, and it relied entirely on that stage for everything it needed to perform. When Node.js came along, it was like giving that actor the ability to perform on any stage, not just the browser.
00;21;52;07 - 00;22;05;01
Speaker 3
Now, JavaScript could perform server side tasks and do things beyond what it was originally designed for, making it way more versatile.
00;22;05;04 - 00;22;22;22
Speaker 2
And is Node.js like, now part of JavaScript or is it like an add on or is it a new capability of the language? What would what is Node.js considered?
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Speaker 3
So Node.js is like an add on or a runtime environment for JavaScript. It's not actually part of the core JavaScript language itself, but rather a platform that led to run JavaScript outside of the browser. It comes with its own set of libraries and tools that give JavaScript new capability like handling files, managing servers, and working with databases. So Node.js extends what JavaScript can do by giving it a whole new environment to play in beyond just the browser.
00;22;54;28 - 00;23;22;18
Speaker 2
So let's say that you were writing JavaScript in the front end, and didn't need Node.js because of the browser. Go take me through the act of actually utilizing Node.js in the back end. Is it something that I add to my JavaScript code and it pulls from the cloud, or is it something that it access? Is it within its own library?
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Speaker 2
Am I even using the right terms here?
00;23;27;14 - 00;23;50;13
Speaker 3
So when you use Node.js, it's actually something you set up on your server or your computer. If you're developing locally, you'd install Node.js and then you write your back end JavaScript code in separate files that run on the server. Instead of the code running in a browser, it runs in the Node.js environment on the server, so you don't really add it to your front end code.
00;23;50;13 - 00;24;10;20
Speaker 3
Instead, you create separate backend scripts that run on the server and handle things like request data processing and communication with databases. So it kind of like having a separate environment that expands what JavaScript can do on the server side.
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Speaker 2
And what form to the the these Node.js files take are they like for are they set programing in JavaScript that you use to access JavaScript stuff in the backend? Are they something that you bring in from a third party source to kind of translate? How does that work?
00;24;37;14 - 00;25;04;01
Speaker 3
So Node.js files are actually just JavaScript files with a dot js extension, just like front end JavaScript files. The difference is that these files are specifically written to run in the Node.js environment on the server, rather than in the browser. You can use node's built in modules or library, and you can also bring in third party packages through something called npm, which stands for Node Package Manager.
00;25;04;03 - 00;25;19;08
Speaker 3
This lets you add all sorts of functional to your back end code, but at the end of the day, it's all still JavaScript. Just running on the server side with Node.js.
00;25;19;11 - 00;25;36;15
Speaker 2
So on the server side you just have like one Node.js file that everything on the back end kind of funnels through like it would. This would, it would on a browser.
00;25;36;18 - 00;26;05;09
Speaker 3
Not necessarily just one file. In fact, on the server side you can have multiple Node.js files and you typically organize them into a structure that makes sense for your application. Usually you'll have one main file, often called something like server dot js or app.js, which acts as the entry point. This main file will then link to or import other files and modules, allowing you to break your code up into smaller, more manageable pieces.
00;26;05;11 - 00;26;17;26
Speaker 3
That way, you can keep your code organized and maintainable in different parts of your application, can handle different tasks.
00;26;17;29 - 00;26;47;13
Speaker 2
Okay, so let's say that we have a server dot js file that acts as an entry point. Can you give me an example? If I have a very simple website that takes like, a login and maybe a email, give us your email button. What would that look like on the node JS files?
00;26;47;15 - 00;27;20;01
Speaker 3
Sure. In a simple node JS set up your server js file might start by importing the necessary modules like express, which is a popular framework for building web applications with Node.js. Then you'd set up routes, which are basically instructions for how to handle the requests. For example, you might have a route for handling a login form submission where the server receives the username and password checksum against the database and then sends back a response like logging the user in or showing an error message.
00;27;20;03 - 00;27;38;10
Speaker 3
You might also have another route that handles the email submission, where the server takes the email address and stores it in a database or sends a confirmation. So the server JS file coordinates all these actions and make sure the right code runs. When a user interacts with your website.
00;27;38;12 - 00;27;51;18
Speaker 2
But for a simple task like, someone puts in their email and presses submit, would that be a single node js file?
00;27;51;20 - 00;28;13;22
Speaker 3
In practice, it would usually involve at least a couple of files. You'd have your main server dot js file that handles the overall set up in routing, and then you might have a separate file or module specifically for handling the logic of what happens when someone submits their email. This keeps your code organized and makes it easier to maintain.
00;28;13;24 - 00;28;24;12
Speaker 3
So while the entry point might be one file, the actual functionality would typically be broken out into multiple files.
00;28;24;14 - 00;28;34;03
Speaker 2
Okay, and so are no JS files different than just regular JS files?
00;28;34;05 - 00;28;57;26
Speaker 3
They're actually quite similar. Both Node.js files and regular front end JavaScript files use the same core JavaScript language. The main difference is the environment they run in and the kind of tasks they handle. Node.js files can use node specific modules and features like reading from the file system or creating a web server, which you wouldn't do in a browser based JavaScript file.
00;28;58;02 - 00;29;11;07
Speaker 3
So in essence, they're the same language, but with Node.js you have access to additional tools and capabilities that are meant for server side development.
00;29;11;10 - 00;29;25;11
Speaker 2
Are they always separate like a Node.js file and a regular JavaScript file, or would they ever mix?
00;29;25;13 - 00;29;48;06
Speaker 3
They can definitely mix. You can have a project where you use both Node.js on the back end and regular front end. JavaScript for the client side and back is quite common to do so. The front end JavaScript runs in the browser and handles you their interactions, while the Node.js JavaScript runs on the server and handles things like data processing and database interactions.
00;29;48;08 - 00;30;02;25
Speaker 3
So in a typical web application, you often see both working together seamlessly.
00;30;02;28 - 00;30;09;26
Speaker 2
If I'm just looking at the code, how am I able to, decipher?
00;30;09;26 - 00;30;34;11
Speaker 3
It really depends on the Node.js. You'll have your front end files in something like a public or client folder, and your Node.js backend files in a server or back end folder. This way you can easily see which code is meant for the browser and which code is meant for the server. If you're using a framework like express for your Node.js backend, you'll also have routes and controller.
00;30;34;11 - 00;30;40;25
Speaker 3
The handle different parts of your app functionality, making it all pretty organized and clear.
00;30;40;27 - 00;30;55;10
Speaker 2
Okay, we're getting a little deep into JavaScript, but that was really good. And maybe we'll do a separate episode on just JavaScript by itself. Let's go ahead and talk about Python now.
00;30;55;12 - 00;31;23;26
Speaker 3
Absolutely. Python is such a fun language to dive into. It's known for its simplicity and readability, which makes it a great choice for beginners, but it's also super powerful. You can use Python for everything from web development to data science, automation, artificial intelligence, and so much more. So let me know what aspect of Python you're most curious about, and we can dive into that.
00;31;23;28 - 00;31;36;15
Speaker 2
You said that it's a scripting language. Can you kind of just go into what it's popularly used for right now?
00;31;36;18 - 00;32;01;15
Speaker 3
Sure. One of the big reasons why Python is so popular right now is because it's used a lot in data science and machine learning. There are tons of libraries like pandas for data manipulation, NumPy for numerical computing, and TensorFlow and PyTorch for building machine learning models. It's also a favorite for automation and scripting tasks, making it easy to automate repetitive tasks or manage servers.
00;32;01;18 - 00;32;14;27
Speaker 3
And of course, is widely used in web development with frameworks like Django and Flask. So it's got a really broad range of applications, which is one of the reasons it's so popular.
00;32;15;00 - 00;32;25;14
Speaker 2
So from a structural perspective, what really makes Python different from JavaScript?
00;32;25;16 - 00;32;48;20
Speaker 3
One of the biggest structural differences is the way they handle code blocks. Python uses indentation to define code blocks, which makes it really clean and easy to read. JavaScript, on the other hand, uses curly braces to define code blocks. Another difference is that Python is often described as more of a general purpose language, with a focus on rebuild and simplicity.
00;32;48;22 - 00;33;08;21
Speaker 3
While JavaScript was originally designed for web development and interactive in the browser, of course both languages have evolved a lot over time and are now used in a wide variety of applications.
00;33;08;24 - 00;33;22;26
Speaker 2
Okay, so I've under, I've heard Python referred to as like an object oriented programing. Can you kind of go into that and explain it?
00;33;22;28 - 00;33;56;24
Speaker 3
Absolutely. So object Oriented programing or OP is a programing paradigm that organizes code around objects which are instances of classes. In Python everything is essentially an object. And you can define your own classes to create objects that have attributes which are like. Data fields and methods which are like functions that operate on that data. And this allows you to model real world entities and their behaviors, and a more intuitive and organized way.
00;33;56;27 - 00;34;07;16
Speaker 3
Python makes it really easy to work with OP because it has a simple, clean syntax for defining classes and creating objects.
00;34;07;18 - 00;34;16;29
Speaker 2
What is the alternative to object oriented programing?
00;34;17;01 - 00;34;50;04
Speaker 3
One common alternative to object oriented programing is functional programing. In functional programing, the focus is more on composing and applying functions rather than creating and manipulating objects. It emphasizes immutability, meaning data doesn't change once it's created, and pure functions, which means functions that don't have side effects and always produce the same output for the same input. Another approach is procedural programing, which structures code as a sequence of procedures or routines.
00;34;50;07 - 00;35;02;17
Speaker 3
Each of these paradigms has its own strengths, and sometimes they can even be combined within the same language or project, depending on what you need.
00;35;02;19 - 00;35;18;15
Speaker 2
Are any of the programs from our list? Functional programing. So C plus plus Java C C sharp. Go rust Cortland I think that's what it was.
00;35;18;17 - 00;35;53;18
Speaker 3
Yeah some of those languages do support functional programing paradigms even though they aren't strictly functional languages. For instance JavaScript has a lot of functional programing features like first class functions, closures, and higher order functions. Python also supports functional programing concepts like map, filter, and lambda functions. Languages like C, Sharp and Kotlin also have functional programing features. So even though these languages can be used in multiple paradigms, they do incorporate functional programing elements as well.
00;35;53;20 - 00;35;58;10
Speaker 2
What about procedural from those lists?
00;35;58;12 - 00;36;29;22
Speaker 3
C and C plus plus are primarily known for their procedural and object oriented programing paradigms, but they do have some functional elements as well. For example, you can use function pointers and lambda expressions and C plus plus to achieve a more functional style. However, they aren't considered purely functional languages, and they lean more towards procedural and object oriented approaches.
00;36;29;25 - 00;36;36;20
Speaker 2
Is the procedural programing part of what makes C plus Plus so quick?
00;36;36;22 - 00;37;09;02
Speaker 3
Yes, definitely procedural programing is actually a fundamental part of what made C so influential in procedural programing. You write procedures or routine, often called functions that operate on data. C is very much built around this approach, where you have a series of instructions that the computer follows step by step. So C really helped popularize and establish procedural programing as a major paradigm in computer science.
00;37;09;04 - 00;37;15;07
Speaker 2
Knows this why C plus plus has such good performance.
00;37;15;10 - 00;37;47;20
Speaker 3
Yes, that's a big part of it. Since C Plus Plus evolved from C, it inherited that low level control over hardware and memory management, which means you can really fine tune the performance of your programs. This is why sequence class is often used for systems programing, game development, and other performance critical applications. It allows developers to have that close to the metal efficiency while still offering higher level abstractions when needed.
00;37;47;22 - 00;38;00;27
Speaker 2
Okay, do C plus plus and C sharp both originated from C, or are they independent or what?
00;38;00;29 - 00;38;25;00
Speaker 3
C plus plus did originate from C? It was created as an extension of C to include object oriented features, which is why it's often considered a direct descendant. C-sharp, on the other hand, was developed independently by Microsoft, and while it does have a syntax somewhat similar to C and C plus, plus, it's actually more influenced by languages like Java and was designed to be used with the Dot.
00;38;25;00 - 00;38;40;03
Speaker 3
Net framework. So while they share some similarities in syntax, their origin and design goals are quite different.
00;38;40;05 - 00;38;44;29
Speaker 2
What is the Dot? Net framework?
00;38;45;02 - 00;39;14;09
Speaker 3
The Dot. Net framework is a software development framework created by Microsoft. It provides a large class library and support for multiple programing languages, with C-sharp being one of the most popular ones. Essentially, it makes it easier for developers to build all kinds of applications, whether they're desktop applications, web applications, or services. It also includes a runtime environment called the Common Language Runtime, or CLR, which manages the execution of programs.
00;39;14;17 - 00;39;21;28
Speaker 3
It's pretty powerful and widely used in the windows ecosystem.
00;39;22;01 - 00;39;28;02
Speaker 2
What is a runtime environment?
00;39;28;04 - 00;39;54;01
Speaker 3
A runtime environment is basically the infrastructure that your code runs in when you execute a program. It handles things like memory management and interpreting or compiling code and providing the necessary resources for your program to run. For example, in the case of the Dot. Net framework, the common Language Runtime manages the execution of dot net programs, making sure everything runs smoothly and efficiently.
00;39;54;08 - 00;40;05;24
Speaker 3
It's kind of like the the stage crew behind the scenes, making sure that when the show goes on, everything works as expected.
00;40;05;27 - 00;40;10;23
Speaker 2
But it's different than being the stage.
00;40;10;25 - 00;40;38;20
Speaker 3
Yes, exactly. A runtime environment is a bit different from the language, though. The language like TCR, but Python defines the syntax and rules for writing code, while the runtime environment is what actually executes that code and manages resources while the program is running. Different languages can have different runtime environments, and sometimes multiple languages can share the same runtime environment, like in the case of the Dot.
00;40;38;20 - 00;40;46;26
Speaker 3
Net framework.
00;40;46;29 - 00;41;07;15
Speaker 2
So when you say C-sharp has its own runtime environment, that is the same thing that you're talking about, where you're like, you know, JS has a runtime environment for JavaScript on the back end as opposed to in the browser.
00;41;07;17 - 00;41;32;09
Speaker 3
Exactly. You've got it in the same way that Node.js provides a runtime environment for JavaScript to run on. There reside outside of the browser. The dot. Net framework provides a runtime environment for C-sharp and other dot. Net languages. It's what allows the code to run smoothly and provides all the necessary support and resources behind the scenes. So pretty similar content.
00;41;32;11 - 00;41;48;29
Speaker 2
What about Java? I think it probably gets mixed up with JavaScript a lot. So how do those two differ? And are they totally different? Or do they come from each other? They totally independent.
00;41;49;02 - 00;42;12;25
Speaker 3
Yeah, the name do cause a lot of confusion, but Java and JavaScript are actually completely different languages. Java was developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid 90s, and it runs on the Java Virtual machine, which is its runtime environment. JavaScript, on the other hand, was created by Netscape and was originally meant to run in web browsers to make web pages interactive.
00;42;12;28 - 00;42;24;02
Speaker 3
They have different syntax, different use cases, and then that related despite the similarity in their names. So they're totally independent of each other.
00;42;24;04 - 00;42;37;26
Speaker 2
Okay. Can you give me a, overview of JavaScript and what it is and what it does? All right. Not JavaScript. Sorry. Java?
00;42;37;28 - 00;43;04;15
Speaker 3
No worries. So Java is a general purpose programing language that's designed to be portable and run on any device that has the Java virtual machine. It's really popular for building large scale enterprise applications, Android apps, and a wide range of other software. It's known for its write once, run anywhere philosophy, which means code written in Java can run on any device that supports the JVM.
00;43;04;17 - 00;43;13;11
Speaker 3
It's a very robust and widely used language in the tech world.
00;43;13;13 - 00;43;18;14
Speaker 2
What is it mostly used for?
00;43;18;17 - 00;43;50;09
Speaker 3
Java is used a lot in enterprise level applications because it's stable, scalable, and has a ton of libraries and frameworks that make development easier. It's also the primary language for developing Android apps, and it's widely used in web applications and server side technologies. Financial institutions and large corporations often rely on Java for their backend systems because of its performance and security, so it's really versatile and used in a lot of different areas.
00;43;50;12 - 00;43;57;28
Speaker 2
What do you mean when you say enterprise level applications?
00;43;58;00 - 00;44;33;08
Speaker 3
When we say enterprise level application and we mean large scale hardware systems that are used by big organizations or businesses, that these applications typically need to handle a lot of users large amounts of data and complex business processes. They often require high levels of reliable security and performance. Examples include banking system, customer relationship management software, supply chain management systems, and other critical applications that keep large businesses running smoothly.
00;44;33;10 - 00;44;46;23
Speaker 2
Can you give me an example of maybe like the top five things that we would know? Sure, some run off of Java.
00;44;46;25 - 00;45;11;17
Speaker 3
Yes, absolutely. A lot of large enterprises rely on Java. For example. Banks and financial institutions often use Java for their core banking system. Another example is, the Android operating system, which is built using Java. So all Android apps are running on Java. Companies like Amazon, for instance, use Java for their web services and back end systems.
00;45;11;20 - 00;45;41;26
Speaker 3
Even large e-commerce platforms and insurance companies often use Java because of its reliability and scalability. So it's definitely a language that powers a lot of the technology we use every day.
00;45;41;29 - 00;45;53;02
Speaker 2
Okay, give me a quick rundown. Or some background on Go Rust and Cortland, whether they used for.
00;45;53;04 - 00;46;27;01
Speaker 3
Sure. So go, also known as Golang, was developed by Google and is known for its simplicity, efficiency, and strong support for concurrent programing. It's widely used in cloud services, DevOps tools, and microservices because of its performance and ease of deployment. Rust, on the other hand, is known for its focus on safety and performance. It was developed by Mozilla and is great for systems programing like writing, operating systems, game engines, or other performance critical applications.
00;46;27;04 - 00;46;59;29
Speaker 3
It emphasizes memory safety without needing a garbage collector. And Kotlin is a modern, concise language that runs on the Java Virtual machine. It was developed by JetBrains and is fully interoperable with Java, making it a popular choice for Android development and other modern applications. It's love for its readability and expressive syntax.
00;47;00;04 - 00;47;13;23
Speaker 2
You said rust is used for its memory safety without garbage collection. Can you just give me a quick explanation of that? For somebody who has no idea what that means?
00;47;13;26 - 00;48;01;23
Speaker 3
Of course. In programing, memory safety means making sure that your program doesn't run into errors like accessing memory. It shouldn't, which can cause crashes or security issues. Most languages that manage memory for you, like Java or C, have you something called a garbage collector, which automatically cleans up unused memory? Rust, on the other hand, achieves memory safety through its ownership system, which means the compiler checks how memory is used at compile time so you get safety without needing a separate garbage collector running in the background.
00;48;01;25 - 00;48;33;06
Speaker 2
Okay, so let's say that I am somebody who wants to just get started with programing. Can we go through these, programing languages one by one? And would you kind of give me an idea of like, what a really beginner kind of get my feet wear and immersive, basic project what I jump into for Python?
00;48;33;08 - 00;49;08;23
Speaker 3
Absolutely. Python is a great choice for beginners because it's so readable and easy to learn. A really common first project is something like a simple calculator, where you get to practice variables and basic operations. Another great beginner project is creating a to do list application, which helps you get comfortable with user input and storing data. And if you're feeling adventurous, you could try building a simple game like a number guessing game or a text based adventure, which is a fun way to get hands on experience with coding content.
00;49;08;26 - 00;49;19;06
Speaker 2
Okay, let's do the same kind of, basic project example for C plus plus.
00;49;19;09 - 00;49;43;15
Speaker 3
Sure. With C plus plus, a classic beginner project might be something like a basic calculator as well, which helps you get comfortable with variables, conditionals, and user input. Another good project is creating a program that manages a simple inventory system where you can add, remove, and list items, which gives you a chance to practice working with a maze or other data structures.
00;49;43;17 - 00;49;55;17
Speaker 3
And if you want to get a little more creative, you could try building a simple text based game like Tic-Tac-Toe, which is a fun way to learn about loops and logic.
00;49;55;19 - 00;50;03;08
Speaker 2
How would the projects that you did in C Plus Plus differ from Python?
00;50;03;10 - 00;50;22;15
Speaker 3
The main difference is that with C plus plus, you often have to manage more of the details yourself. For example, in C plus plus, you'll need to pay closer attention to things like data types and memory management. You'll likely have to write more code to achieve the same tasks, and you might need to compile your code before you can run it.
00;50;22;18 - 00;50;40;14
Speaker 3
In Python, things tend to be more straightforward and concise, so the same project might involve fewer lines of code and less complexity in terms of syntax. Each language has its own strengths, so it really depends on what you're looking to learn and achieve.
00;50;40;16 - 00;50;50;02
Speaker 2
So C plus Plus does stuff that's similar to Python but with like more granular detail.
00;50;50;05 - 00;51;17;24
Speaker 3
That's a great way to put it. C plus plus gives you more control over the finer details of how your program runs, like managing memory and optimizing performance. Python, on the other hand, handles a lot of those details for you behind the scenes so you can focus more on writing code quickly and easily. Both approaches have their advantages, and it can be really valuable to learn both languages and see the differences in action.
00;51;17;27 - 00;51;35;07
Speaker 2
Okay, let's do the same thing that we did with Python and C plus. Plus for JavaScript. Sorry. Let's do the same thing that we did for C plus plus and Python for Java.
00;51;35;09 - 00;51;57;26
Speaker 3
Sure. For someone starting out with Java, a great beginner project might be a simple console based application like a basic calculator or a program that converts temperatures between Celsius and Fahrenheit. Another fun project could be creating a simple to do with app, which would help you get familiar with object oriented principles since you'd be creating classes and objects.
00;51;57;29 - 00;52;11;29
Speaker 3
And if you want to get a little more advanced, you could try building, simple text based adventure game, which would help you practice control structures and logic. So is really worth it. Also, there are lots of fun ways to get started.
00;52;12;02 - 00;52;41;24
Speaker 2
Okay, so chat for pretty much all three of these. You said like make a calculator or make, a text based game or make a to do list app. Can you give me kind of projects or any examples that really, highlight the differences between the different kind of programs to bring some kind of value to this kind of comparison?
00;52;41;26 - 00;53;12;06
Speaker 3
Absolutely. That makes sense. So for Python, something that really highlights its strengths might be, data analysis project. You could use libraries like pandas to analyze a data set, create visualizations and draw insights, which is something in Python Excel that where C plus plus. You might want to dive into a project that involves more performance critical tasks, like building a simple game with graphics where you can really see how C plus Plus handles speed and efficiency.
00;53;12;08 - 00;53;31;00
Speaker 3
For Java, a good project might be something like developing a small Android app, which would let you for mobile development and see how Java integrates with different platforms. Each of these projects would really showcase the unique strengths and ecosystems of each language.
00;53;31;03 - 00;53;43;05
Speaker 2
Okay, perfect. I want you to do that exact thing that you just did. And we'll go on to the next programing language of C.
00;53;43;08 - 00;54;11;13
Speaker 3
Absolutely. So for JavaScript, a fun beginner project that really highlights its strengths would be building an interactive web page like a dynamic to do list that updates in real time as you add or remove items. You could also try creating a simple browser based game like a memory matching game or a simple quiz app, which would let you practice manipulating the document Object model or Dom and responding to user events.
00;54;11;15 - 00;54;20;25
Speaker 3
JavaScript is all about making web pages interactive, so anything that gets you working with the front end of a website is a great way to dive in.
00;54;20;27 - 00;54;28;10
Speaker 2
Okay, I'd like you to do the same thing, but with the C language.
00;54;28;13 - 00;54;58;00
Speaker 3
Absolutely. For the C language, a great beginner project might be something like building a simple text based menu system where you can choose different options and see different outputs. This will help you get comfortable with handling user input and working with loops and conditionals. Another classic C project is creating a basic file parser that reads data from a file and processes it, which can give you a good understanding of working with pointers and memory management.
00;54;58;02 - 00;55;17;15
Speaker 3
And if you want to challenge yourself, you could try building a simple game like snake, which will really highlight how C handles graphics and performance at a low level.
00;55;17;18 - 00;55;25;21
Speaker 2
How would what you're building in C differ from C plus plus?
00;55;25;23 - 00;55;53;27
Speaker 3
The main difference when you're working with C compared to C plus plus is that C is more focused on procedural programing. So you won't be using classes and objects like you would in C plus plus. This means your projects in C will typically be more about working with functions and managing memory manually. So for example, when you're building something like a file parser or a simple game in C, you'll be paying more attention to pointers and memory allocation.
00;55;53;27 - 00;56;04;04
Speaker 3
Whereas in C plus plus you'd have the added layer of object oriented features.
00;56;04;07 - 00;56;11;04
Speaker 2
Okay, let's do the same thing, but with C sharp.
00;56;11;06 - 00;56;35;24
Speaker 3
Or C sharp. A great beginner project that really highlights its strengths might be creating a simple desktop application using Windows Forms or WPF, which are frameworks that make it easy to design graphical user interfaces. You could create something like a basic note taking app or a contact manager, which would let you explore C sharp object oriented features and how it integrates with the Dot.
00;56;35;24 - 00;56;50;09
Speaker 3
Net framework. Another fun project could be building a small game using unity, which uses C-sharp for scripting, and that would really help how C-sharp can be used in game development.
00;56;50;11 - 00;56;59;03
Speaker 2
I notice you said a desktop app and not a mobile app.
00;56;59;06 - 00;57;22;08
Speaker 3
That's a good observation. Well, he is indeed used for mobile development, especially with frameworks like Xamarin. It's often easier for beginners to start with a desktop application, because the set up and debugging can be a bit more straightforward. But once you're comfortable, C have definitely signs in mobile development as well, and you can create cross-platform mobile apps with it.
00;57;22;10 - 00;57;27;11
Speaker 3
Definitely a versatile language.
00;57;27;14 - 00;57;31;07
Speaker 2
Okay, what about go?
00;57;31;10 - 00;57;55;22
Speaker 3
With go, a great beginner project might be something like building a simple web server or a rest API. Go is really popular for web services and microservices because of its concurrency features and simplicity. Another interesting project could be creating a command line tool that automates a simple task, which will give you a good feel for Go's efficiency and ease of deployment.
00;57;55;24 - 00;58;04;12
Speaker 3
Go syntax is clean and straightforward, so it's great for building efficient, scalable applications right from the start.
00;58;04;14 - 00;58;08;17
Speaker 2
What is a micro service?
00;58;08;19 - 00;58;42;28
Speaker 3
A microservice is a small, independent and modular piece of an application that renders its own service. The idea behind microservices is to break down a large application into smaller, more manageable pieces that can be developed, deployed and scaled independently. Each microservice usually handles a specific function or business capability and communicates with other microservices through APIs. This architecture makes it easier to update and maintain large applications, and it allows teams to work on different services simultaneously.
00;58;43;05 - 00;58;53;06
Speaker 3
It's a popular approach in modern development, especially for cloud based applications.
00;58;53;08 - 00;58;57;21
Speaker 2
Why specifically cloud based?
00;58;57;23 - 00;59;12;29
Speaker 3
Well, cloud based applications benefit a lot from microservices because the cloud is all about scalability and flexibility. With microservices, you can scale different parts.
00;59;13;02 - 00;59;24;16
Speaker 3
I'm sorry, but you hit the daily limit for advanced voice. You can switch to standard now to keep chatting.
00;59;24;18 - 00;59;26;19
Speaker 2
Chat. Can you pick up where you left off?
00;59;26;22 - 00;59;33;26
Speaker 3
But you hit the daily limit?
00;59;33;28 - 00;59;45;20
Speaker 2
Chat. Can you pick up where you left off in Y. Go is better for cloud based stuff.
00;59;47;26 - 00;59;51;15
Speaker 2
Come on. Chat.
00;59;51;17 - 00;59;56;04
Speaker 2
Hang on. So the nearest restaurant again?
01;00;02;29 - 01;00;15;22
Speaker 2
Chat. Can you, start back off where we left off at? Why? Go is good for cloud based service programing.
01;00;16;09 - 01;00;39;06
Speaker 3
Yeah, absolutely. So go is great for cloud based service programing because it's designed to be simple, fast and efficient. One of its biggest strengths is how it handles concurrency, meaning it can manage lots of tasks at the same time without slowing down. That's really important in cloud environments, where you're often dealing with tons of requests coming in all at one go.
01;00;39;07 - 01;01;01;04
Speaker 3
Built in features like Goroutines and channels make it easy to write highly concurrent programs. It also compiles quickly, has a small memory footprint, and produces standalone binaries, which makes deployment a breeze. Perfect for microservices and containerized applications.
01;01;01;06 - 01;01;17;01
Speaker 2
Okay, can you do the same thing for rust and give us a good idea of what is a good project to use rust for that? Really kind of highlights its unique capabilities as opposed to the other languages.
01;01;17;02 - 01;01;18;17
Speaker 3
So rust is awesome.
01;01;18;17 - 01;02;00;03
Speaker 1
Cloud services when you need performance and safety, unlike languages with garbage collectors. Rust gives you fine control over memory without risking bugs like dangling pointers or data races. This makes it ideal for systems where reliability and speed are critical. A great, beginner friendly rust project might be building a command line tool that processes or filters data, something like a mini log parser that helps you get used to rust syntax, the borrow checker, and working with file input and output later on, you could level up to building a lightweight web service with a framework like Backticks or Axiom, which really shows off rust performance and safety in action.
01;02;00;06 - 01;02;10;20
Speaker 2
So what, kind of sets it apart from go? Because you set a similar answer for go.
01;02;10;22 - 01;02;33;18
Speaker 1
Yeah. Great point. So both Go and Rust are fast compiled languages that are great for cloud services, but they take very different approaches. Go is all about simplicity and ease of use. You can get up and running really quickly and the syntax is minimal. It's great when you want to move fast and build reliable concurrent systems without worrying too much about the details.
01;02;33;21 - 01;03;02;23
Speaker 1
Rust, on the other hand, is more strict and complex, but in return it gives you a lot more control. Its big claim to fame is memory safety. Without a garbage collector. That means fewer runtime surprises, and you can build systems that are both fast and safe from the ground up. So go is like your fast and clean builder and rust is your precision engineer.
01;03;02;26 - 01;03;14;28
Speaker 2
Can you explain the garbage collector thing? A little bit. And how it makes rust and go different.
01;03;15;01 - 01;03;39;22
Speaker 1
Yeah. Totally slow and go. There's a garbage collector, which is basically a built in system that automatically finds and frees up memory. Your program no longer need. That makes development easier because you don't have to manually manage memory, but it can occasionally pause the program to do that cleanup, which might matter in systems where every millisecond count. Rust doesn't use a garbage collector at all.
01;03;39;23 - 01;04;14;01
Speaker 1
Instead, it has something called ownership and borrowing, which happens entirely at compile time. That means rust figures out when memory can be freed before the program even runs. So you don't get those pauses, and your program tends to use memory more efficiently. But it also means the compiler stricter, and you have to be more mindful of how you structure your code.
01;04;14;03 - 01;04;27;12
Speaker 2
What is considered garbage that gets collected?
01;04;27;14 - 01;04;52;25
Speaker 1
Good question. So garbage in this case just means memory. Your program no longer needs like variables, objects, or data that were created earlier but aren't being used anymore. For example, if you create a list inside a function and the function finishes running, that list isn't needed anymore. The garbage collector will recognize that nothing else in your program is using it, and it'll free up that memory so it can be reused.
01;04;52;27 - 01;04;58;23
Speaker 1
It's basically cleaning up leftovers. So your program doesn't run out of space.
01;04;58;25 - 01;05;14;24
Speaker 2
Okay, perfect. Let's do Cortland. And, describe a project that would uniquely harness its capabilities.
01;05;14;27 - 01;05;40;24
Speaker 1
Great. So Kotlin is a modern language that runs on the Java virtual machine, which means it works anywhere Java does, but with a much cleaner and more concise syntax. One of Kotlin standout features is null safety. It's designed to help you avoid one of the most common bugs in programing. Null pointer exception. A great project to showcase Kotlin strings would be building a mobile app using Android Studio.
01;05;40;26 - 01;06;02;18
Speaker 1
Since Kotlin is the preferred language for Android development now, something like a personal budgeting app would be perfect. It can use Kotlin with clear syntax. Take advantage of Android's lifecycle tools and really show off how null safety helps avoid crashes.
01;06;02;20 - 01;06;15;15
Speaker 2
Tell me a little bit more about node safety. And you said like pointer something.
01;06;15;18 - 01;06;22;17
Speaker 1
I think you meant Node.js right? Not just making sure Node.js has a runtime that lets you run the node.
01;06;22;17 - 01;06;23;09
Speaker 2
And then I'm sure the.
01;06;23;09 - 01;06;25;05
Speaker 1
Browser.
01;06;25;07 - 01;06;26;29
Speaker 2
That I'm interacting with please stop.
01;06;27;00 - 01;06;36;13
Speaker 1
It's not really like pointers and C or C plus plus which deal with direct memory addresses. Node.js is more about handling asynchronous tasks efficiently.
01;06;36;15 - 01;06;47;15
Speaker 2
But chat. I was talking about Cortland node safety.
01;06;47;17 - 01;07;15;28
Speaker 1
Gotcha. That makes way more sense now. So Renault to the framework used for simulating embedded systems, which is great for testing hardware software interactions without needing physical hardware. It's often used with lower level languages, but you could pair it with Kotlin through wrappers or hybrid setups. When you're managing high level logic in an embedded environment. Dali is an AI model made by OpenAI that generates images from chat.
01;07;15;29 - 01;07;37;22
Speaker 2
I think that you're getting a little bit confused. Let's take a quick step back. We were talking about different programing languages and what kind of beginner projects to work on. And we were talking about Cortland. How is Cortland spelled?
01;07;37;24 - 01;08;00;11
Speaker 1
Thanks for pulling us back on track. But Kotlin is a statically typed programing language that runs on the Java virtual machine. That means it compiles into Java bytecode, and you can use it anywhere you'd use Java like Android app or backend services. It's also fully interoperable with Java, so you can mix Kotlin and Java code in the same project.
01;08;00;18 - 01;08;20;08
Speaker 1
What makes Kotlin special is how it simplifies things. It reduces a lot of the boilerplate code that Java needs, and it adds features like no safety extension functions, coroutines for asynchronous programing, and smart type inference. So it's kind of like a modern refresh of Java that's cleaner and easier to use.
01;08;20;10 - 01;08;28;05
Speaker 2
How do you spell Cortland?
01;08;28;07 - 01;08;44;17
Speaker 1
That one's spelled BLT on like the fabric.
01;08;44;19 - 01;08;54;28
Speaker 2
Okay, the last one on our list is SQL.
01;08;55;00 - 01;09;19;29
Speaker 1
Perfect. I think what stands for Structured Query Language. And it's used to manage and interact with relational databases. So instead of creating full application, you're writing queries that can create table, insert data, update record or pull specific information out of large data sets. A great beginner project might be setting up a simple database for something like a library or a recipe collection.
01;09;19;29 - 01;09;37;14
Speaker 1
You practice writing SQL commands to add new items, search for ingredients, or track which books are checked out. It's super practical and builds a solid foundation for working with data.
01;09;37;16 - 01;09;49;21
Speaker 2
Okay, we covered a lot today. I learned a lot. I didn't really have a good idea of the layout of programing languages in 2025, and I really appreciate it.
01;09;49;23 - 01;10;10;26
Speaker 1
It was a lot. We went over a bunch of different programing languages, how they work. What sets them apart and even talk through beginner projects for each one. Sounds like you're starting to piece together how each language kind of has its own personality and strengths. If you ever want to dig deeper into any one of them or try building something.
01;10;10;28 - 01;10;14;01
Speaker 1
I'm down to walk through it with you.
01;10;14;03 - 01;10;24;24
Speaker 2
Okay, thank you for the help today. Is there anything else that you'd like to add before we sign off?
01;10;24;26 - 01;10;34;25
Speaker 1
I think you nailed it today. No need to add anything else. We covered a ton. Just let it all simmer. And whenever you're ready to jump back in, I'll be here.
01;10;34;27 - 01;10;39;25
Speaker 2
All right. Thank you. Jack.
01;10;39;27 - 01;10;42;11
Speaker 1
You got it. Catch you later.
01;10;42;14 - 01;10;44;02
Speaker 2
Peace.